The Emergence of Writing

As Uruk developed into a prospering city of previously unknown proportions, an ever more complex economic and administrative system was necessary to ensure its supply with goods such as items of food. At first, the people of Uruk inscribed clay tablets with pictograms depicting individual objects concisely. These stamp seals were used to indicate ownership of a certain article and to act as the first delivery notes. They enabled the customer to check whether the delivery was complete or not.

An ancient clay tablet, which accounts for cereal products. © Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum / Olaf M. Teßmer / On permanent loan from the Land Berlin.

In the course of time, these pictorial representations were further simplified and the overall number of characters was gradually reduced. This increasingly abstract repertoire of written characters, in cuneiform script, enabled the people of Uruk to record texts other than those connected with bookkeeping. The most famous written text from this time is the Epic of Gilgamesh.

From there onwards, the people of Uruk went on to conceive more types of documents that still characterize our civilization today. Credit agreements, marriage contracts as well as multilingual dictionaries have been excavated by German archaeologists during the last one hundred years. Since these artefacts are of extraordinary durability, we can present them to you as much as 5,000 years after they were originally created!